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Perimeter security glossary - E
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E
Early Warning System
In disease surveillance, a specific procedure to detect as early as possible any departure from usual or normally observed frequency of phenomena.
Earth-Filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades
These barricades, that have also been known as ARMCO revetments, are earth-filled, steel bins that have been used to separate munitions awaiting scheduled processing; for example, munitions on flight lines associated with aircraft parking/loading operations, or the temporary positioning of munitions awaiting transfer to preferred, long-term storage. These barricades are also used to separate uploaded aircraft and have helped to prevent sympathetic detonation. See ARMCO Steel Bin Revetments, Corrugated Metal Revetment, Expeditionary Earth Filled Protective Barriers, Metalith.
Earthwork
A military construction formed chiefly of earth, used in both defensive and offensive operations. See Berm.
Ecoterrorism
Sabotage intended to hinder activities that are considered damaging to the environment. See Terrorism.
Effective Standoff Distance
A standoff distance at which the required level of protection can be shown to be achieved through analysis or can be achieved through building hardening or other mitigating construction or retrofit.
Electret Cable Weather
Resistant cable with microphonic properties. It is used as a component of sound discriminating sensor systems such as those installed on fences, gates, or other Perimeter Barriers.
Electric Blasting Cap
A long, skinny, cylindrical, metal cup with two insulated wires running through an insulated plug that is crimped into the open end.
Electric Field Sensor
A perimeter-type sensor that responds to a disturbance of the electrical field surrounding it. See Perimeter, Perimeter Security.
Electric Match
A metal wire coated with a pyrotechnic mixture designed to produce a small burst of flame designed to initiate a low explosive. See Low Order Explosive.
Electric Squib
A metal wire surrounded by a pyrotechnic mixture and encased within a metal tube that produces a small jet of flame designed to initiate a low explosive. See Low Order Explosive.
Electrical Initiation Power Sources
Items used to trigger an explosive blast that are electrical in nature such as a vehicle battery, one or more 9-volt batteries, one or more 1.5-volt AA batteries, or any combination thereof.
Electro-explosive Device (EED)
An explosive or pyrotechnic component initiated by the application of electricity.
Electron Capture Detector
Adevice that captures and analyzes vapors associated with suspected explosives. See Explosive.
Electronic Access Control (EAC)
Electronic systems designed to limit access to controlled areas to users with authorization to enter. EAC requires input from the enrollees, input from a reader to determine if the card or individual is authorized to enter based on the enrollee data an output to a device to allow entry and output to record the event. See Biometric Readers, Controlled Perimeter, Perimeter Defenses.
Electronic Countermeasures
Defensive techniques designed to detect, prevent, or expose the use of electronic audio or visual surveillance devices.
Electronic Security
Electronic devices such as closed circuit television (CCTV), microwave sensors systems, infrared sensors systems - both passive and active, taut wire fence sensor systems, fence disturbance sensor systems, capacitance sensor systems, and freestanding video motion detection are typical electronic security systems used to monitor internal and perimeter security. See Physical Security, Radio Frequency Motion Detection.
Electronic Security Systems (ESS)
That part of physical security concerned with the safeguarding of personnel and property by use of electronic systems. These systems include, but are not limited to, intrusion detection systems (IDS), automated entry control systems (AECS), and video assessment systems. See Biometric Readers, Controlled Perimeter, Perimeter Defenses.
Embassy Protection
Procedures or devices such as electronic or infrared security measures and bollards, walls, passive and active barriers and anti-ram vehicle barriers at gated entrances used to protect embassy personnel.
Emergency
Any occasion or instance - such as a hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, fire, explosion, nuclear accident, or any other natural or man-made catastrophe--that warrants action to save lives and to protect property, public health, and safety (FEMA definition). A sudden occurrence demanding immediate action that may be due to epidemics, technological catastrophes, strife, or to natural or man-made causes (World Health Organization definition). See Disaster, FEMA, Natural Disaster, Manmade Disaster.
Emergency Management
The efforts of the State and the political subdivisions to develop, plan, analyze, conduct, provide, implement and maintain programs for disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery (IEMA definition). See Disaster, Emergency, FEMA, Natural Disaster, Manmade Disaster.
Emergency Management Agency (EMA)
Also referred to as the Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP). The EMA, under the authority of the governor's office, coordinates the efforts of the state's health department, housing and social service agencies, and public safety agencies (e.g., state police) during an emergency or disaster. The EMA also coordinates federal resources made available to the states such as the National Guard, the Centers for Disease Control (e.g., EIS officers), and the Public Health Service (e.g., Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, ATSDR). See Emergency, Emergency Management, FEMA.
Emergency Medical Disaster Plan (IDPH)
A plan to assist emergency medical services personnel and health care facilities in working together in a collaborative way and to provide support in situations where local resources are overwhelmed. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Services, including personnel, facilities, and equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the time of injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a hospital, temporary medical facility, or special care facility, release from site, or declared dead. Further, emergency medical services specifically include those services immediately required to ensure proper medical care and specialized treatment for patients in a hospital and coordination of related hospital services (FEMA definition). See Emergency Medical Technician, Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic, Emergency Medicine.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
Services, including personnel, facilities, and equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the time of injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a hospital, temporary medical facility, or special care facility, release from site, or declared dead. Further, emergency medical services specifically include those services immediately required to ensure proper medical care and specialized treatment for patients in a hospital and coordination of related hospital services (FEMA definition).
Emergency Medical Services System (EMSS)
Act of 1973 A federal law that established funding and systematic requirements for emergency medical services systems including sufficient trained manpower to ensure the availability of care at all times; regional training programs for all levels of personnel; emergency medical communications systems; specialized facilities; transportation; disaster plans, integration with public safety agencies; regional and interregional mutual assistance pacts; critical care units; patient transfer continuity; consumer participation; consumer education; standard medical records; care accessibility and availability; and ongoing review and evaluation. Federal funding for the EMSS program has been eliminated.
Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)
An individual trained to render immediate basic life support to ill and injured individuals, under the direction of a physician, and to safely transport them in a monitored environment to health care facilities.
Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic (EMT-P)
An allied health professional that, working under the direction of a physician, administers advanced emergency medical services, principally in advanced life support units. See Emergency Medical Technician, Emergency Medicine.
Emergency Medicine
The branch of medicine and medical specialty that deals with the recognition, stabilization, evaluation, treatment, and disposition of an undifferentiated population of patients with acute illness or injury. Emergency care is episodic and handles a full spectrum of physical and behavioral conditions.
Emergency Ordnance Disposal Equipment
Systems installed within areas in which ordnance items are protected designed to destroy the protected ordnance when a serious risk of loss of the ordnance to a hostile force manifest itself.
Emergency Response Team (ERT)
An interagency team, consisting of the lead representative from each Federal department or agency assigned primary responsibility for an Emergency Response Function and key members of the Federal Coordinating Officer's staff, formed to assist the FCO in carrying out his/her coordination responsibilities. The Emergency Response Team may be expanded by the FCO to include designated representatives of other Federal departments and agencies as needed. The ERT usually consists of regional-level staff (FEMA definition).
Emergency Response Team National (ERT-N)
An ERT that has been established and rostered for deployment to catastrophic disasters where the resources of the FEMA Region have been, or are expected to be, overwhelmed. Three ERT-Ns have been established. See Emergency Response Team (ERT), FEMA.
Emergency Support Team (EST)
An interagency group operating from FEMA headquarters. The EST oversees the national-level response support effort under the FRP and coordinates activities with the ESF primary and support agencies in supporting Federal requirements in the field (FEMA definition).
Enclave
A secured area within another secured area.
Energetic Materials
Chemical compounds or mixtures of chemical compounds that are divided into three classes according to use: explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. See Explosives, Propellant and Pyrotechnic.
Enhance Passive Barriers for Hardening
Materials and equipment, which can impede or prevent unauthorized entry into a facility. The material is stationary in nature and requires no external activation to be effective. See Hardening.
Entrance Delay Circuit
An alarm system feature that permits an authorized person entering or leaving protected premises a reasonable amount of time to disarm or arm the system before causing an alarm.
Entry Control Point (ECP)
A location or facility used to control pedestrian or vehicular access to controlled or restricted areas. It is commonly found at the entrance to munitions storage areas and combat aircraft parking areas. If it is a permanent facility, it is sometimes also called a Gate House. See Access Control, Checkpoint (CP) or (CHP).
Entry-Control Stations
Entry-control stations should be provided at main perimeter entrances where security personnel are present. Entry-control stations should be located as close as practical to the perimeter entrance to permit personnel inside the station to maintain constant surveillance over the entrance and its approaches.
EOD Incident
The suspected or actual presence of explosive Ordnance constituting a hazard.
Evacuation
Organized, phased, and supervised dispersal of people from dangerous or potentially dangerous areas (FEMA definition). See FEMA.
Exclusion Area
An area around an asset which has controlled entry with highly restrictive access. See controlled area.
Exclusive Zone
An area around an asset which has controlled entry with highly restrictive access. See Access Control, Checkpoint (CP) or (CHP).
Expedient Flame Ffougasse
Consists of a 55-gallon drum of thickened fuel, a kicker charge, a trip flare, and detonating cord. It is used in defensive and offensive operations for its incendiary, illuminating, and signaling effects.
Expeditionary Earth Filled Protective Barriers
An engineered containment system that is filled with locally available fill material such as sand or dirt to meet the user’s barrier needs. The containment system is applicable to, and deployable in, the military expeditionary environment, and is designed such that the user can tailor the thickness, height, and configuration to meet force protection and other revetment requirements. See Metalith, B-1 Revetments
Expeditionary Structures
Those military structures intended to be inhabited for no more than 1 year after they are erected. This group of structures typically include tents, Small and Medium Shelter Systems, Expandable Shelter Containers (ESC), ISO and CONEX containers, and General Purpose (GP) Medium tents and GP Large tents, etc.
Explosimeter
A device that detects and measures the presence of gas or vapor in an explosive atmosphere. See Explosive.
Explosion
A violent bursting or expansion as the result of the release of energy that causes great pressure discontinuity, or blast wave. It may be caused by an explosive or by the sudden release of pressure, as in the disruption of a steam boiler. An explosive produces an explosion by virtue of its very rapid self-propagating transformation into more stable substances, accompanied by the liberation of heat and the formation of gas. Depending on the rate of energy release, an explosion can be categorized as a deflagration, a detonation, or pressure rupture. See Blast Wave, Deflagration, Detonation, Detonation Wave, Shock Wave.
Explosion Limits
Refers to the range of pressure and temperature for which an explosive reaction at a fixed composition mixture is possible. The reaction is usually initiated by autocatalytic (sometimes called self-heating) reaction at those conditions, without any external ignition source. In practical terms, this means that the mixture needs to be sufficiently hot. Explosion and flammability limits are distinct. Flammability limits refer to the range of compositions, for fixed temperature and pressure, within which an explosive reaction is possible when an external ignition source is introduced. This can happen even when the mixture is cold.
Explosion Proof
Used in referring to electrical equipment; specifically, to equipment enclosed in a case that can withstand an internal burning or explosion of elements inside the case, and can prevent ignition by spark, flash, or explosion of any outside gas or vapor surrounding the enclosure. See Explosive Mitigation.
Explosion-Proof Device
Any device, such as a contact switch, enclosed in an explosion-proof housing to help prevent possible sparking in a potentially volatile environment. See Explosion, Explosive Mitigation.
Explosive
Any chemical compound or chemical mixture that, under the influence of heat, pressure, friction, or shock, undergoes a sudden chemical change (decomposition) with the liberation of energy in the form of heat and light and accompanied by a large volume of gas. See Explosion, Explosive Detection Device, Explosive Mitigation.
Explosive Breach
This method of breaching requires the use of an explosive composition such as C4 or TNT, or a manufactured shape charge directed against the target. See Ballistics Breach, Mechanical Breach.
Explosive Compound
A single chemical compound capable of causing an explosion. See Explosion.
Explosive Detection Device
A device designed to detect the presence of explosives through detection of either the physical property of explosives themselves or their constituent chemicals. See Explosives.
Explosive Detector Dog (EDD) Searches
Although specific EDD search procedures vary according to local policy, individual MWD handler preference, and the unique abilities of individual canines, the typical approach, follows basic general interior and exterior inspection steps to determine whether a vehicle carries explosive devices.
Explosive Mitigation
Physical defensive measures taken to reduce the damaging effects of explosions from devices introduced by hostile parties. This term includes both exterior hardening (wall, etc.) and internal measures taken to improve the survival of the protected resources (e.g., using more stable chemicals in a protected process). See Explosion, Hardening, Mitigation.
Explosive Mixture
A mixture of chemical compounds capable of causing an explosion. See Explosion.
Explosive Ordnance
Munitions containing explosives, nuclear fission, or fusion materials, and biological and chemical agents. Included in the term are bombs and warheads, guided and ballistic missiles, artillery, mortars, rocket and small arms ammunition, mines, torpedoes and depth charges, pyrotechnics, cartridges and propellant-actuated devices, electro-explosive devices, clandestine and improvised explosive devices, and all similar or related items or components that are explosive in nature. See Explosives, Mines, Propellant.
Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
The detection, identification, field evaluation, rendering- safe, recovery and final disposal of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may also include the rendering - safe and/ or disposal of explosive ordnance that have become hazardous by damage or deterioration when the disposal of such explosive Ordnance is beyond the capabilities of personnel normally assigned the responsibility for routine disposal. See Explosive Ordnance Disposal Equipment.
Explosive Ordnance Disposal Equipment
Equipment used by qualified explosive ordnance disposal personnel to destroy, neutralize or render-safe explosive ordnance including improvised explosive devices. See Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD).
Explosive Range
The percentage of vapor or gas in air by volume that determines the upper and lower limits of explosivity or flammability. For example, the explosive range of propane is 2.2 to 9.5 percent. Any mixture of propane below 2.2 or above 9.5 percent will not ignite. The range below 2.2 is too lean and above 9.5 percent it is too rich.
Explosive Sensitivity
The ease with which an explosive will react to heat, shock, or friction.
Explosive Train
A series of combustible or explosive components arranged in order of decreasing sensitivity designed to initiate explosives.
Explosives Detection
The systematic approach to detecting explosive devices includes:
- A Military Working Dog (MWD) and Handler - "putting nose on target",
- A Security Forces member doing a physical inspection - "putting eyes on target", and
- Some form of explosives trace detection technology - "putting technology on target.”
Explosives Detector
Any device that detects components of explosive devices or explosive compounds by radiographic analysis, by analyzing chemical emissions, or by other methods. See Explosion, Explosive, Explosive Detection Device.
Explosives Disposal Container
A small container into which small quantities of explosives may be placed to contain their blast pressures and fragments if the explosive detonates.
Explosives Examinations
Visual and microscopic analyses of bomb remains, commercial explosives, blasting accessories, military explosives, and ordnance items. Tool mark examinations of bomb components are also possible. Bomb remains are examined to identify bomb components, such as switches, batteries, blasting caps, tape, wire, and timing mechanisms. Also identified are fabrication techniques, unconsumed explosives, and overall construction of the bomb. See Blasting Caps, Bomb, Explosive, Ordnance.
Explosives Taggants
Small granules added to commercial explosives during manufacture. The taggants provide investigative leads in criminal bombing cases. A typical taggant is smaller than a grain of sand and will have several layers of different colors. One layer might be sensitive to magnets to aid in retrieval from bomb debris, another layer might be sensitive to ultraviolet light to aid in visual detection at the crime scene, and other layers might contain codes that reveal the manufacturer, lot number, and other details useful in identifying the purchaser. See Identification Taggants, Taggants.
Exposed Explosive
Explosives that are open to the atmosphere (such as unpackaged bulk explosives, or disassembled or open components) and those are susceptible to initiation directly by static or mechanical spark, or create (or accidentally create) explosive dust, or give off vapors, fumes, or gases in explosives concentrations. This also includes exudation and explosives exposed from damaged munitions such as gunpowder or rocket motors.
Expulsion Grenade
A grenade that delivers a chemical agent to the target. Upon bursting, the expulsion grenade immediately releases a relatively small but highly concentrated agent cloud. The instantaneous release renders the grenade ineffective if it is thrown back. See Bursting Grenade, Grenade.
Exterior Tactic
An attack on the exterior of a facility or an exposed asset at close range. The aggressor uses weapons such as rocks, clubs, improvised incendiary or explosive devices, and hand grenades in exterior attacks. The aggressor's goals are to damage the facility, injure or kill its occupants, or damage or destroy assets. See Assets.
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